<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-night-mode-disabled vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Upper Paleolithic</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"> <link href="./mw/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/ext.kartographer.style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/user.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./mw/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./mw/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Upper_Paleolithic rootpage-Upper_Paleolithic skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">
<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper Paleolithic</span></span>
</h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295905060">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Upper Paleolithic</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Lion-man" title="Lion-man">Löwenmensch</a></i></span>, a prehistoric ivory <a href="Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> discovered in <a href="Hohlenstein-Stadel" title="Hohlenstein-Stadel">Hohlenstein-Stadel</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40,000–35,000 years old</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 to 12,000 <a href="Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a><br><span style="font-size:80%;">and <a href="Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
<span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">before <i>Homo</i></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<dl><dt><a href="Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl><dt><a href="Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></dt>
<dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><a href="Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></dt>
<dd><a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Early <i>Homo sapiens</i></a></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a></li><li><a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li></ul></div>
<dl><dt><a href="Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></dt>
<dd><a href="Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a href="Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></dt>
<dd><a href="Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></dd>
<dt><a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt>
<dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="Ancient_Near_East#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="Bronze_Age#East_Asia" title="Bronze Age">East Asia</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dd><i><a href="Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> </i></dd>
<dt><a href="Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt>
<dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<dl><dt><a href="Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></dt>
<dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li><li><a href="Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><a href="Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></dt>
<dt><a href="Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern history</a></dt>
<dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early</a></li><li><a href="Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Upper Paleolithic</b> (or <b>Upper Palaeolithic</b>) is the third and last subdivision of the <a href="Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> or Old <a href="Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the <a href="Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>), according to some theories coinciding with the appearance of <a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> in humans. It is followed by the <a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>.
</p><p><a href="Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> (i.e. <i>Homo sapiens</i>) are believed to have emerged in <a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> around 300,000 years ago. It has been argued by some that their ways of life changed relatively little from that of <a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a> of the <a href="Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until about 50,000 years ago, when there was a marked increase in the diversity of <a href="Artefact_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artefact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> found associated with modern human remains. This period coincides with the most common date assigned to <a href="Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">expansion of modern humans</a> from Africa throughout Asia and Eurasia, which may have contributed to the <a href="Neanderthal_extinction" title="Neanderthal extinction">extinction of the Neanderthals</a>.
</p><p>The Upper Paleolithic has the earliest known evidence of organized <a href="Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a>, in the form of campsites, some with storage pits. <a href="Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Artistic work</a> blossomed, with cave painting, <a href="Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>, carvings and engravings on bone or ivory. The first evidence of human fishing is also found from a 125,000 years old artefacts in <a href="Buya%2C_Eritrea" title="Buya, Eritrea">Buya, Eritrea</a>, and in other places such as <a href="Blombos_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Blombos cave">Blombos cave</a> in <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. More complex <a href="Society" title="Society">social groupings</a> emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized <a href="Tool" title="Tool">tool</a> types. This probably contributed to increasing group identification or <a href="Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">peopling of Australia</a> most likely took place before c. 60 <a href="Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a>. <a href="European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">Europe</a> was peopled after c. 45 ka.
Anatomically modern humans are known to have expanded northward into <a href="Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> as far as the <a href="58th_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="58th parallel north">58th parallel</a> by about 45 ka (<a href="Ust'-Ishim_man" title="Ust'-Ishim man">Ust'-Ishim man</a>).
The Upper Paleolithic is divided by the <a href="Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM), from about 25 to 15 ka. The <a href="Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">peopling of the Americas</a> occurred during this time, with East and Central Asia populations reaching the <a href="Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> after about 35 ka, and expanding into the Americas by about 15 ka.
In Western Eurasia, the Paleolithic eases into the so-called <a href="Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> or <a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> from the end of the LGM, beginning 15 ka. The <a href="Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">Holocene glacial retreat</a> begins 11.7 ka (<a href="10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a>), falling well into the Old World Epipaleolithic, and marking the beginning of the earliest forms of <a href="Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">farming</a> in the <a href="Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle_and_technology">Lifestyle and technology</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a>, <a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>, and <a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></div>
<p>Both <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> and <a href="Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> used the same crude stone tools. Archaeologist <a href="Richard_G._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Klein">Richard G. Klein</a>, who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the stone tool kit of archaic <a href="Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a> as impossible to categorize. He argues that almost everywhere, whether <a href="Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, Africa or <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, before 50,000 years ago all the stone tools are much alike and unsophisticated.
</p>
<p>Firstly among the artefacts of Africa, archeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. These new stone-tool types have been described as being distinctly differentiated from each other; each tool had a specific purpose. The early modern humans who expanded into Europe, commonly referred to as the <a href="Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnons</a>, left many sophisticated stone tools, carved and engraved pieces on bone, <a href="Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="Antler" title="Antler">antler</a>, <a href="Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> and <a href="Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Neanderthals continued to use <a href="Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> stone tool technology and possibly <a href="Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> technology. These <a href="Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">tools</a> disappeared from the archeological record at around the same time the Neanderthals themselves disappeared from the fossil record, about 40,000 cal BP.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>Settlements were often located in narrow valley bottoms, possibly associated with hunting of passing <a href="Herd" title="Herd">herds</a> of animals. Some of them may have been occupied year round, though more commonly they appear to have been used seasonally; people moved between the sites to exploit different food sources at different times of the year. Hunting was important, and <a href="Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou/wild reindeer</a> "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire <a href="Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> literature on hunting".<sup id="cite_ref-Burch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Technology" title="Technology">Technological advances</a> included significant developments in <a href="Flint_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint tool">flint tool</a> manufacturing, with <a href="Archaeological_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological industry">industries</a> based on fine <a href="Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">blades</a> rather than simpler and shorter <a href="Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>. <a href="Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burins</a> and <a href="Racloir" title="Racloir">racloirs</a> were used to work bone, antler and <a href="Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a>. Advanced <a href="Dart_(missile)" title="Dart (missile)">darts</a> and <a href="Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a> also appear in this period, along with the <a href="Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">fish hook</a>, the <a href="Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a>, <a href="Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>, and the <a href="Sewing_needle" title="Sewing needle">eyed needle</a>. Fishing of <a href="Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> fish species and navigating the open ocean is evidenced by sites from <a href="Jerimalai_(cave)" title="Jerimalai (cave)">Timor</a> and <a href="Kilu_Cave" title="Kilu Cave">Buka</a> (<a href="Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The changes in human behavior have been attributed to changes in climate, encompassing a number of global <a href="Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> drops. These led to a worsening of the already bitter cold of the <a href="Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> (popularly but incorrectly called the last <a href="Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>). Such changes may have reduced the supply of usable <a href="Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> and forced people to look at other materials. In addition, flint becomes brittle at low temperatures and may not have functioned as a tool.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notational_signs">Notational signs</h3></div>
<p>Some notational signs, used next to images of animals, may have appeared as early as the <a href="Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> in Europe circa 35,000 BCE, and may be the earliest <a href="Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>: several symbols were used in combination as a way to convey seasonal behavioural information about hunted animals.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1017/S0959774322000415-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lines (|) and dots (•) were apparently used interchangeably to denote lunar months, while the (Y) sign apparently signified "To give birth". These characters were seemingly combined to convey the breeding period of hunted animals.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1017/S0959774322000415-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_in_climate_and_geography">Changes in climate and geography</h2></div>
<p>The climate of the period in Europe saw dramatic changes, and included the <a href="Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, the coldest phase of the <a href="Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, which lasted from about 26.5 to 19 kya, being coldest at the end, before relatively rapid warming (all dates vary somewhat for different areas, and in different studies). During the Maximum, most of Northern Europe was covered by an <a href="Ice-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet">ice-sheet</a>, forcing human populations into the areas known as <a href="Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">Last Glacial Maximum refugia</a>, including modern Italy and the <a href="Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, parts of the <a href="Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and areas around the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.
</p><p>This period saw cultures such as the <a href="Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> in France and Spain. Human life may have continued on top of the ice sheet, but we know next to nothing about it, and very little about the human life that preceded the European glaciers. In the early part of the period, up to about 30 kya, the <a href="Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a> made northern Africa, including the <a href="Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, well-watered and with lower temperatures than today; after the end of the Pluvial the Sahara became arid.
</p>
<p>The Last Glacial Maximum was followed by the <a href="Aller%C3%B8d_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allerød oscillation">Allerød oscillation</a>, a warm and moist global <a href="Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstadial">interstadial</a> that occurred around 13.5 to 13.8 kya. Then there was a very rapid onset, perhaps within as little as a decade, of the cold and dry <a href="Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> climate period, giving <a href="Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">sub-arctic conditions</a> to much of northern Europe.
The <a href="Preboreal" title="Preboreal">Preboreal</a> rise in temperatures also began sharply around 10.3 kya, and by its end around 9.0 kya had brought temperatures nearly to present day levels, although the climate was wetter.
This period saw the Upper Paleolithic give way to the start of the following <a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> cultural period.
</p><p>As the glaciers receded sea levels rose; the <a href="English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, <a href="Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> were land at this time, and the Black Sea a fresh-water lake. In particular the Atlantic coastline was initially far out to sea in modern terms in most areas, though the Mediterranean coastline has retreated far less, except in the north of the <a href="Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and the <a href="Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. The rise in sea levels continued until at least 7.5 kya (<a href="6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">5500 BC</a>), so evidence of human activity along Europe's coasts in the Upper Paleolithic is mostly lost, though some traces have been recovered by fishing boats and <a href="Marine_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine archaeology">marine archaeology</a>, especially from <a href="Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>, the lost area beneath the North Sea.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Prehistoric_Europe#Upper_Paleolithic" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe § Upper Paleolithic</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="50,000–40,000_BP">50,000–40,000 BP</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="50,000_BP">50,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Numerous Aboriginal stone tools were found in <a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> sediments in <a href="Castlereagh%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Castlereagh, New South Wales">Castlereagh</a>, Sydney, Australia. At first when these results were new they were controversial; more recently dating of the same strata has revised and corroborated these dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenbrow-2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenbrow-2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stockton-Nanson-2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockton-Nanson-2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Start of the <a href="Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a> in North Africa.</li>
<li>Occupants of the <a href="Fa_Hien_Cave" title="Fa Hien Cave">Fa-Hien Lena cave</a>, <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> had developed <a href="History_of_archery" title="History of archery">bow and arrow</a> technology 48,000 BP (though the earliest known bow and arrow technology dates to about 65,000 BP from <a href="Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a>, South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-Backwell_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Backwell2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_M_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard_M-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="48,000_BP">48,000 BP</h4></div>
<p>The first direct evidence for <a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> hunting <a href="Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">cave lions</a>. This is based on a cave lion skeleton found in <a href="Siegsdorf" title="Siegsdorf">Seigsdorf, Germany</a> which has hunting lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="45,000–43,000_BP">45,000–43,000 BP</h4></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Initial_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Initial Upper Paleolithic">Initial Upper Paleolithic</a></div>
<ul><li>Earliest evidence of modern humans found in Europe, in Southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are indirectly dated.<sup id="cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup></li>
<li>Earliest mathematical artifact, the notched <a href="Lebombo_bone" title="Lebombo bone">Lebombo bone</a>, a possible tally stick or lunar calendar, dated to 44,000–43,000 BP in <a href="Eswatini_(Swaziland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eswatini (Swaziland)">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a>, southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Oldest-known mining in archaeological record, the <a href="Ngwenya_Mine" title="Ngwenya Mine">Ngwenya Mine</a> in Swaziland, at about 43,000 years ago, where humans mined <a href="Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> to make the red pigment <a href="Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Earliest directly dated figurative <a href="Sulawesi#Oldest_known_cave_art" title="Sulawesi">cave art</a> of mankind at <a href="Caves_in_the_Maros-Pangkep_karst" title="Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst">Leang Bulu' Sipong</a> in <a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="43,000–41,000_BP">43,000–41,000 BP</h3></div>
<ul><li>Microlithic artefacts have been excavated from <a href="Kana%2C_West_Bengal" title="Kana, West Bengal">Kana</a>, <a href="West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India.</li>
<li>Ornaments and skeletal remains of modern humans, at <a href="Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a> in <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. These are directly dated.<sup id="cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup></li>
<li><a href="Denisova_hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisova hominin">Denisova hominins</a> live in the <a href="Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> (Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="40,000–30,000_BP">40,000–30,000 BP</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="40,000–35,000_BP">40,000–35,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>First human inhabitants in <a href="Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>During this time period, <a href="Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia was occupied by <a href="Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merrimerri_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merrimerri-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Early cultural centre in the <a href="Swabian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabian Alps">Swabian Alps</a>, oldest depiction of a human being (<a href="Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>), beginning of the <a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>.</li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Lion-human" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion-human">Löwenmensch</a></i></span> figure created in <a href="Hohlenstein-Stadel" title="Hohlenstein-Stadel">Hohlenstein-Stadel</a>, one of the earliest examples of figurative art. It is now in Ulmer Museum, <a href="Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, Germany.</li>
<li>The first <a href="Paleolithic_flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic flutes">flutes</a> appear in Germany.</li>
<li>Notational signs in caves, apparently conveying <a href="Calendar" title="Calendar">calendaric</a> meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are <a href="History_of_writing#Recorded_history_of_writing" title="History of writing">the first</a> known (proto-)<a href="Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> in history <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Notational_signs">above</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1017/S0959774322000415-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Most of the giant vertebrates and <a href="Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> in Australia became extinct.</li>
<li>Fishing of pelagic fish species at <a href="Jerimalai_(cave)" title="Jerimalai (cave)">Jerimalai shelter</a>, Timor.</li>
<li>Examples of <a href="Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a> in Spain are dated from around 40,000 BP, making them the oldest examples of cave art yet discovered in Europe (see: <a href="Caves_of_Nerja" title="Caves of Nerja">Caves of Nerja</a>). Scientists theorise that the paintings may have been made by <a href="Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a>, rather than by modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Wall painting with horses, rhinoceroses and aurochs is made at <a href="Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a>, <a href="Vallon-Pont-d'Arc" title="Vallon-Pont-d'Arc">Vallon-Pont-d'Arc</a>, Ardéche gorge, France. Discovered in December 1994.</li>
<li>Evidence for continued Neanderthal presence in the Iberian Peninsula at 37,000 years ago was published in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Zilhao2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zilhao2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeological</a> studies support human presence in the <a href="Chek_Lap_Kok" title="Chek Lap Kok">Chek Lap Kok</a> area (now <a href="Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a>) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-HKAS1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKAS1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Zar_Cave" title="Zar Cave">Zar</a>, Yataghyeri, <a href="Damjili_Cave" title="Damjili Cave">Damjili</a> and <a href="Ta%C4%9Flar_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Tağlar Cave">Taghlar</a> caves in <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.</li>
<li>First evidence of people inhabiting <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keally_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keally-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="35,000-30,000_BP">35,000-30,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Kostenki XVII, a layer of the <a href="Kostyonki_(palaeolithic_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostyonki (palaeolithic site)">Kostenki (Kostyonki) site</a>, on the middle <a href="Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a>, was occupied by the early upper paleolithic Spitsyn culture.</li>
<li>The <a href="Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a> (really a young man) lived around 33,600 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="30,000_BP">30,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>First <a href="Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stone</a> tools appear in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>End of the <a href="Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a> in North Africa.</li>
<li>The area of <a href="Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> was occupied by <a href="Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> (specifically, the <a href="Eora" title="Eora">Eora</a> and <a href="Dharug" title="Dharug">Dharug</a> people) during this time period, as evidenced by <a href="Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Settlers'_history_rewritten_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Settlers'_history_rewritten-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an archaeological dig in <a href="Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, <a href="Greater_Western_Sydney" title="Greater Western Sydney">Western Sydney</a>, it was found that the Aboriginals used <a href="Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, stone tools and possible ancient campfires.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>First human settlement in <a href="Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, <a href="Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Kilu_Cave" title="Kilu Cave">Kilu Cave</a> at <a href="Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka</a> in the <a href="Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomons</a> is evidence for the first human settlement of an <a href="Oceanic_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic island">oceanic island</a> and for navigating the open ocean.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="30,000–20,000_BP">30,000–20,000 BP</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="29,000–25,000_BP">29,000–25,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Eruption of the <a href="Ciomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciomad">Ciomad</a> volcano, the last volcanic eruption in the <a href="Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Venus of Dolní Věstonice">Venus of Dolní Věstonice</a> (Czech Republic). It is the oldest known ceramic in the world.</li>
<li><a href="Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a>, Austria, created. It is now at the <a href="Natural_History_Museum%2C_Vienna" title="Natural History Museum, Vienna">Natural History Museum, Vienna</a>.</li>
<li>Human settlement in <a href="Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China dates from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Paintings of spotted horses, <a href="Pech_Merle" title="Pech Merle">Pech Merle</a> cave, <a href="Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, date to c.25,000 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24,000_BP">24,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Start of the second <a href="Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a> in North Africa.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="23,000_BP">23,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li><a href="Venus_of_Pet%C5%99kovice" title="Venus of Petřkovice">Venus of Petřkovice</a> is created at Petřkovice in <a href="Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>, Czech Republic. It is now in Archeological Institute, <a href="Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="22,000_BP">22,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li><a href="Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>: <a href="Venus_of_Brassempouy" title="Venus of Brassempouy">Venus of Brassempouy</a>, Grotte du Pape, <a href="Brassempouy" title="Brassempouy">Brassempouy</a>, <a href="Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>, France, created. It is now at Musée des Antiquités Nationales, <a href="Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21,000_BP">21,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Artifacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in <a href="Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited <a href="Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a>, <a href="Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a>, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie84_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>End of the second <a href="Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a> in North Africa.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20,000–10,000_BP">20,000–10,000 BP</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></div>
<ul><li><a href="Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. Mean <a href="Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea levels</a> are believed to be 110 to 120 metres (360 to 390 ft) <i>lower than present</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the direct implication that many coastal and lower riverine valley archaeological sites of interest are today under water.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18,000_BP">18,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Ibex-headed <a href="Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a>, from <a href="Mas_d'Azil_cave" title="Mas d'Azil cave">Mas-d'Azil cave</a>, now at the Musée de la Préhistoire in the village of <a href="Le_Mas-d'Azil" title="Le Mas-d'Azil">Le Mas-d'Azil</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a>-bone village in <a href="Mezhyrich%2C_Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Mezhyrich, Cherkasy Oblast">Mezhyrich</a>, <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17,000_BP">17,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Spotted human hands are painted at <a href="Pech_Merle" title="Pech Merle">Pech Merle</a> cave, <a href="Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, France. Discovered in December 1994.</li>
<li><a href="Oldest_Dryas" title="Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a> <a href="Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">stadial</a>.</li>
<li>Hall of Bulls at <a href="Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in France is painted. Discovered in 1940. Closed to the public in 1963.</li>
<li>Bird-Headed man with bison and Rhinoceros, <a href="Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, is painted.</li>
<li>Lamp with ibex design, from La Mouthe cave, <a href="Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, France, is made. It is now at Musée des Antiquités Nationales, <a href="Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.</li>
<li>Paintings in <a href="Cosquer_Cave" title="Cosquer Cave">Cosquer Cave</a> are made, where the cave mouth is now under water at Cap Margiou, France.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15,000_BP">15,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li><a href="B%C3%B8lling_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling oscillation">Bølling</a> interstadial.</li>
<li>Bison, Le Tuc d'Audoubert, <a href="Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a>, France.</li>
<li><a href="Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> move across North America, then southward through Central America.</li>
<li>Pregnant woman and deer (?), from Laugerie-Basse, France was made. It is now at Musée des Antiquités Nationales, <a href="St.-Germain-en-Laye" class="mw-redirect" title="St.-Germain-en-Laye">St.-Germain-en-Laye</a>.</li></ul>
<p><b>14,000 BP</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a> <a href="Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">stadial</a>, <a href="Aller%C3%B8d_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allerød oscillation">Allerød</a> interstadial.</li>
<li><a href="Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> searched for big game near what is now the <a href="Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep National Monument</a>.</li>
<li>Bison, on the ceiling of a cave at <a href="Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Altamira</a>, Spain, is painted. Discovered in 1879. Accepted as authentic in 1902.</li>
<li><a href="Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> stadial.</li>
<li>Beginning of the <a href="Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="12,000_BP">12,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Wooden buildings in South America (<a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>).</li>
<li>First <a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> vessels in Japan.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11,000_BP">11,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>First evidence of human settlement in <a href="Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Argentina</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a> dies on the island of Santa Rosa, off the coast of California, United States.</li>
<li>Human remains deposited in caves which are now located off the coast of Yucatán, Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Creswellian culture</a> settlement on <a href="Hengistbury_Head" title="Hengistbury Head">Hengistbury Head</a>, England, dates from around this year.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="10,000_BP">10,000 BP</h4></div>
<ul><li>Evidence of a massacre near <a href="Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a>, <a href="Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> indicates <a href="Paleolithic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic warfare">upper paleolithic warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultures">Cultures</h2></div>
<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
↑ <a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (<a href="Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3.3</span> <a href="Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Ma</a> – 300 <a href="Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Lomekwi" title="Lomekwi">Lomekwi</a> (3.3 Ma)</li>
<li><a href="Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> (2.6–1.7 Ma)</li>
<li><a href="Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> (1.76–0.13 Ma)
<ul><li><a href="Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian</a> (1.5 Ma)</li>
<li><a href="Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a> (500–130 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Clactonian" title="Clactonian">Clactonian</a> (424–400 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Acheulo-Yabrudian_complex" title="Acheulo-Yabrudian complex">Mugharan</a> (400–220 ka)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300–50 <a href="Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> (160–40 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> (145–20 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Micoquien" title="Micoquien">Micoquien</a> (130–70 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> (130–10 ka)</li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><br> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50–12 <a href="Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Initial_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Initial Upper Paleolithic">Initial Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul>
<p><a href="Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Emiran" title="Emiran">Emiran</a> (50–40 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Ahmarian" title="Ahmarian">Ahmarian</a> (46–42 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian</a> (36–18 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Levantine_Aurignacian" title="Levantine Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (35–29 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a> (20–10 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Kebaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebaran">Kebaran</a> (18–12.5 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Trialetian_Mesolithic" title="Trialetian Mesolithic">Trialetian</a> (16–8 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> (14.5–11.5 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> (12.2–10.8 ka)</li></ul>
<p><a href="Paleolithic_Europe#Upper_Paleolithic_:_50,000–10,000_BP" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Bohunician" title="Bohunician">Bohunician</a> (48–40 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> (44.5–36 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician" title="Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician">Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician</a> (43–32 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (43–26 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Szeletian" title="Szeletian">Szeletian</a> (41,000-37,000)</li>
<li><a href="P%C3%A9rigordian" title="Périgordian">Périgordian</a> (35–20 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> (33–24 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Pavlovian_culture" title="Pavlovian culture">Pavlovian</a> (29–25 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> (22–17 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> (20–10 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> (17–12 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a> (15.5–13.1 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Federmesser_culture" title="Federmesser culture">Federmesser</a> (14–12.8 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> (14–10 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg</a> (13–12 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian</a> (11–8 ka)</li></ul>
<p><a href="History_of_Africa#Paleolithic" title="History of Africa">Africa</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Khormusan" title="Khormusan">Khormusan</a> (42–18 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> (25–11 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li>
<li><a href="Halfan_culture" title="Halfan culture">Halfan</a> (22–14 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Qadan_culture" title="Qadan culture">Qadan</a> (15—11 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Sebilian" title="Sebilian">Sebilian</a> (15–11 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Eburran_industry" title="Eburran industry">Eburran</a> (15–5 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> (10–8 ka)</li></ul>
<p><a href="Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Siberia</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Mal'ta%E2%80%93Buret'_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret'</a> (24–15 ka)</li>
<li><a href="Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> (21–12 ka}</li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;">
↓ <a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Upper Paleolithic in the <a href="Franco-Cantabrian_region" title="Franco-Cantabrian region">Franco-Cantabrian region</a>:
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> culture was located around central and south western France, and northern Spain. It appears to be derived from the <a href="Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> culture, and represents the period of overlap between <a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> and <i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i>. This culture lasted from approximately 45,000 BP to 40,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> culture was located in Europe and south west Asia, and flourished between 43,000 and 26,000 BP. It may have been contemporary with the <a href="P%C3%A9rigordian" title="Périgordian">Périgordian</a> (a contested grouping of the earlier Châtelperronian and later Gravettian cultures).</li>
<li>The <a href="Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> culture was located across Europe. Gravettian sites generally date between 33,000 and 20,000 BP.</li>
<li>The <a href="Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> culture was located in eastern France, Spain, and England. Solutrean artifacts have been dated c. 22,000 to 17,000 BP.</li>
<li>The <a href="Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> culture left evidence from Portugal to Poland during the period from 17,000 to 12,000 BP.</li>
<li>Central and east Europe:
<ul><li>33,000 BP, <a href="Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> culture in southern Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>30,000 BP, <a href="Szeletian" title="Szeletian">Szeletian</a> culture</li>
<li>22,000 BP, <a href="Pavlovian_culture" title="Pavlovian culture">Pavlovian</a>, <a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> cultures</li>
<li>13,000 BP, <a href="Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg culture</a> (Western Germany, Netherlands, England)</li>
<li>12,000 BP, <a href="Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a></li></ul></li>
<li>North and west Africa, and Sahara:
<ul><li>32,000 BP, <a href="Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> culture (Algeria, Libya)</li>
<li>12,000 BP, <a href="Ibero-Maurusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Maurusian">Ibero-Maurusian</a> (a.k.a. Oranian, Ouchtatian), and Sebilian cultures</li>
<li>10,000 BP, <a href="Capsian" title="Capsian">Capsian</a> culture (Tunisia, Algeria)</li></ul></li>
<li>Central, south, and east Africa:
<ul><li>50,000 BP, <a href="Fauresmith_(industry)" title="Fauresmith (industry)">Fauresmith</a> culture</li>
<li>30,000 BP, Stillbayan culture</li>
<li>12,000 BP, Lupembian culture</li>
<li>11,000 BP, <a href="Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> culture (Zambia, Tanzania)</li>
<li>9,000 BP, Wiltonian culture</li></ul></li>
<li>West Asia (including Middle East):
<ul><li>50,000 BP, <a href="Jabroudian" title="Jabroudian">Jabroudian</a> culture (Levant)</li>
<li>40,000 BP, Amoudian culture</li>
<li>30,000 BP, <a href="Emireh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Emireh culture">Emireh culture</a></li>
<li>20,000 BP, <a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> culture</li>
<li>12,000 BP, <a href="Kebarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebarian">Kebarian</a>, Athlitian cultures</li></ul></li>
<li>South, central and northern Asia:
<ul><li>30,000 BP, <a href="Angara" title="Angara">Angara</a> culture</li>
<li>11,000 BP, Khandivili culture</li></ul></li>
<li>East and southeast Asia:
<ul><li>30,000 BP, Sen-Doki culture</li>
<li>16,000 BP, <a href="J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> starts in <a href="Ancient_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Japan">Ancient Japan</a></li>
<li>12,000 BP, <a href="Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">pre-Jōmon ceramic</a> culture (Japan)</li>
<li>10,000 BP, <a href="Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> culture (Northern Vietnam)</li>
<li>9,000 BP, <a href="J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a> culture (Japan)</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Oceania:
<ul><li>40,000 BP, <a href="Whadjuk" title="Whadjuk">Whadjuk</a> and <a href="Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> culture (Perth, Australia)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>35,000 BP, <a href="Wurundjeri" title="Wurundjeri">Wurundjeri</a>, <a href="Bunurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunurong">Boonwurrung</a> and <a href="Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wathaurong</a> culture (Melbourne, Australia)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>30,000 BP, <a href="Eora_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Eora people">Eora</a> and <a href="Darug" class="mw-redirect" title="Darug">Darug</a><sup id="cite_ref-AusAnthrop_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AusAnthrop-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culture (Sydney, Australia)<sup id="cite_ref-Aboriginal_people_and_place_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboriginal_people_and_place-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>30,000 BP, <a href="Aranda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranda people">Arrernte</a> culture (<a href="Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, <a href="Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><div class="div-col">
<ul><li><a href="Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li>
<li><a href="Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>
<li><a href="Cro-Magnon_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cro-Magnon 1">Cro-Magnon 1</a></li>
<li><a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li>
<li><a href="Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a></li>
<li><a href="Sungir" title="Sungir">Sungir</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li>
<li><a href="Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a></li>
<li><a href="Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early human migrations</a></li>
<li><a href="Dean_R._Snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean R. Snow">Dean R. Snow</a> – A leading archeologist who has conducted extensive Paleolithic research.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<ul><li>Gilman, Antonio (1996). "Explaining the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution". Pp. 220–239 (Chap. 8) in <i>Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A Reader</i>. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.</li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><cite id="CITEREFRightmire2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rightmire, G. P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752549">"Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: middle and later Pleistocene hominids in Africa and Southwest Asia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>106</b> (38): <span class="nowrap">16046–</span>16050. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10616046R">2009PNAS..10616046R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0903930106">10.1073/pnas.0903930106</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752549">2752549</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19581595">19581595</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilman, Antonio. 1996. "Explaining the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution". pp. 220–239 (Chap. 8) in <i>Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A Reader</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/bf02e3.html">"Klein: Behavioral and Biological Origins of Modern Humans 3 of 3"</a>. <i>Access Excellence</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/bf02e1.html">"Klein: Behavioral and Biological Origins of Modern Humans 1 of 3"</a>. <i>Access Excellence</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ScienceDaily1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDaily1998_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/07/980707073901.htm"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Modern' Behavior Began 40,000 Years Ago In Africa"</a>, <i>Science Daily</i>, July 1998</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nature.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHighamDoukaWoodRamsey2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Thomas_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Thomas Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Tom</a>; Douka, Katerina; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brock, Fiona; Basell, Laura; Camps, Marta; Arrizabalaga, Alvaro; Baena, Javier; Barroso-Ruíz, Cecillio; Bergman, Christopher; Boitard, Coralie; Boscato, Paolo; Caparrós, Miguel; Conard, Nicholas J.; Draily, Christelle; Froment, Alain; Galván, Bertila; Gambassini, Paolo; Garcia-Moreno, Alejandro; Grimaldi, Stefano; Haesaerts, Paul; Holt, Brigitte; Iriarte-Chiapusso, Maria-Jose; Jelinek, Arthur; Jordá Pardo, Jesús F.; Maíllo-Fernández, José-Manuel; Marom, Anat; Maroto, Julià; Menéndez, Mario; Metz, Laure; Morin, Eugène; Moroni, Adriana; Negrino, Fabio; Panagopoulou, Eleni; Peresani, Marco; Pirson, Stéphane; de la Rasilla, Marco; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Ronchitelli, Annamaria; Santamaria, David; Semal, Patrick; Slimak, Ludovic; Soler, Joaquim; Soler, Narcís; Villaluenga, Aritza; Pinhasi, Ron; Jacobi, Roger (21 August 2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". <i>Nature</i>. <b>512</b> (7514): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>309. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.512..306H">2014Natur.512..306H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13621">10.1038/nature13621</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F75138">1885/75138</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25143113">25143113</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205239973">205239973</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Burch-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burch_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource—in many areas <i>the</i> most important resource—for peoples' inhabiting the northern <a href="Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a> and <a href="Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> regions. Known human dependence on caribou/wild reindeer has a long history, beginning in the <a href="Middle_Pleistocene" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) and continuing to the present. ... The caribou/wild reindeer is thus an animal that has been a major resource for humans throughout a tremendous geographic area and across a time span of tens of thousands of years." Ernest S. Burch, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/278435">"The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource"</a>, <i>American Antiquity</i>, Vol. 37, No. 3 (July 1972), pp. 339–368.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trentu.ca/anthropology/faculty-research/neandertals-and-early-modern-humans-europe/middle-upper-paleolithic-transition">"The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition"</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10.1017/S0959774322000415-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1017/S0959774322000415_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaconKhatiriPalmerFreeth2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Bennett; Khatiri, Azadeh; Palmer, James; Freeth, Tony; Pettitt, Paul; Kentridge, Robert (5 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774322000415">"An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar"</a>. <i><a href="Cambridge_Archaeological_Journal" title="Cambridge Archaeological Journal">Cambridge Archaeological Journal</a></i>. <b>33</b> (3): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/an-upper-palaeolithic-protowriting-system-and-phenological-calendar/6F2AD8A705888F2226FE857840B4FE19">1–19</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774322000415">10.1017/S0959774322000415</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255723053">255723053</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighamWesselinghHedgesBergmanDouka2013_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHighamWesselinghHedgesBergman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Bergman, Christopher A.; Douka, Katerina (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770606">"Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (9): e72931. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...872931D">2013PLoSO...872931D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0072931">10.1371/journal.pone.0072931</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770606">3770606</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24039825">24039825</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Attenbrow-2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attenbrow-2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAttenbrow2010" class="citation book cs1">Attenbrow, Val (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152"><i>Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records</i></a>. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>153. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-74223-116-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stockton-Nanson-2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stockton-Nanson-2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStocktonNanson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stockton, Eugene D.; Nanson, Gerald C. (April 2004). "Cranebrook Terrace Revisited". <i>Archaeology in Oceania</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>60. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.2004.tb00560.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.2004.tb00560.x</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40387277">40387277</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Backwell-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backwell_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBackwelld'ErricoWadley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Backwell, L; d'Errico, F; Wadley, L (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>35</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1566–</span>1580. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JArSc..35.1566B">2008JArSc..35.1566B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.11.006">10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Backwell2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backwell2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBackwellBradfieldCarlsonJashashvili2018" class="citation journal cs1">Backwell, L; Bradfield, J; Carlson, KJ; Jashashvili, T; Wadley, L; d'Errico, F (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2018.11">"The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>92</b> (362): <span class="nowrap">289–</span>303. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2018.11">10.15184/aqy.2018.11</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F81248">11336/81248</a></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lombard-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombard_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLombardPhillips2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>84</b> (325): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>648. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00100134">10.1017/S0003598X00100134</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162438490">162438490</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lombard_M-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombard_M_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLombard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>38</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1918–</span>1930. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JArSc..38.1918L">2011JArSc..38.1918L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.04.001">10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussoMilksLederKoddenberg2023" class="citation journal cs1">Russo, Gabriele; Milks, Annemieke; Leder, Dirk; Koddenberg, Tim; Starkovich, Britt M.; Duval, M.; Zhao, J.-X.; Darga, Robert; Rosendahl, Wilfried; Terberger, Thomas (12 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10570355">"First direct evidence of lion hunting and the early use of a lion pelt by Neanderthals"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 16405. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..1316405R">2023NatSR..1316405R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-42764-0">10.1038/s41598-023-42764-0</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10570355">10570355</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37828055">37828055</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2011" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Noble (2 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-europe-earlier-than-thought.html">"Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco d’Errico et al. (2012) Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>109</b>(33): 13214-13219. It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, <i>12</i> <cite id="CITEREFd'ErricoBackwellVillaDegano2012" class="citation journal cs1">d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L.; Villa, P.; Degano, I.; Lucejko, J. J.; Bamford, M. K.; Higham, T. F. G.; Colombini, M. P.; Beaumont, P. B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3421171">"Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (33): <span class="nowrap">13214–</span>13219. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10913214D">2012PNAS..10913214D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1204213109">10.1073/pnas.1204213109</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3421171">3421171</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22847420">22847420</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved 27 August 2007, <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221001/http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp">"Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved 27 August 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148">[1]</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrummOktavianaBurhanHakim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7806210">"Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (3): eabd4648. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.4648B">2021SciA....7.4648B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abd4648">10.1126/sciadv.abd4648</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7806210">7806210</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33523879">33523879</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBowdler" class="citation book cs1">Bowdler, Sandra. "Human settlement". In Denoon, D. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>50.</cite> Cited in <cite id="CITEREFBowdler" class="citation web cs1">Bowdler, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216181223/http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/about/research/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific">"The Pleistocene Pacific"</a>. <a href="University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/staff/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific">the original</a> on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-merrimerri-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merrimerri_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, <i>People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days</i>, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9577728-0-7</bdi></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Presland, <i>The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region</i> (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-646-33150-7</bdi>. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the <a href="Maribyrnong_River" title="Maribyrnong River">Maribyrnong River</a> valley, near present day <a href="Keilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Keilor">Keilor</a>, about 40,000 years ago."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mysterious-marks-ice-age-cave-art">"Mysterious marks on Ice Age cave art may have been ancient records"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. 27 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215212025/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mysterious-marks-ice-age-cave-art">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18449711">"Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art'"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPikeHoffmannGarcía-DiezPettitt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; García-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbín, R.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1498254">"U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>336</b> (6087): <span class="nowrap">1409–</span>1413. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1409P">2012Sci...336.1409P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1219957">10.1126/science.1219957</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700921">22700921</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7807664">7807664</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zilhao2017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zilhao2017_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZilhão2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zilhão, João; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5696381">"Precise dating of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Murcia (Spain) supports late Neandertal persistence in Iberia"</a>. <i>Heliyon</i>. <b>3</b> (11) e00435. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Heliy...300435Z">2017Heliy...300435Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2017.e00435">10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00435</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5696381">5696381</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29188235">29188235</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HKAS1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HKAS1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303144015/http://www.hkarch.org/en_news.html">"The Trial Excavation at the Archaeological Site of Wong Tei Tung, Sham Chung, Hong Kong SAR"</a>. <a href="Hong_Kong_Archaeological_Society" title="Hong Kong Archaeological Society">Hong Kong Archaeological Society</a>. January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkarch.org/en_news.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-keally-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keally_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/preh.html">"Prehistoric Archaeological Periods in Japan"</a>. Charles T. Keally.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPettittWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012). <i>The British Palaeolithic: hominin societies at the edge of the Pleistocene world</i>. London: Routledge. p. 415. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0415674546</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keiji Imamura, <i>Prehistoric Japan: New perspectives on insular East Asia</i> University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1996 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8248-1853-9</bdi></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Settlers'_history_rewritten-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Settlers'_history_rewritten_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMacey2007" class="citation news cs1">Macey, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html">"Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2004" class="citation book cs1">Blainey, Geoffrey (2004). <i>A Very Short History of the World</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-14-300559-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2004" class="citation book cs1">Blainey, Geoffrey (2004). <i>A Very Short History of the World</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-14-300559-9</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html">"Arrernte Aboriginal Art and Culture Centre Alice Springs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524150302/http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm">"The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian"</a>. 14 November 2014.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPruvost,_M.Bellone,_R.Benecke,_N.Sandoval-Castellanos,_E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pruvost, M.; Bellone, R.; Benecke, N.; Sandoval-Castellanos, E.; Cieslak, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Morales-Muniz, A.; O'Connor, T.; Reissmann, M.; Hofreiter, M.; Ludwig, A. (7 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219153">"Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art"</a>. <i><a href="Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>108</b> (46): <span class="nowrap">18626–</span>18630. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10818626P">2011PNAS..10818626P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1108982108">10.1073/pnas.1108982108</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219153">3219153</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22065780">22065780</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFloodDavidMageeEnglish1987" class="citation cs2">Flood, J. M.; David, B.; Magee, J.; English, B. (1987), "Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south eastern highlands", <i>Archaeology in Oceania</i>, <b>22</b>: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>22, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1987.tb00159.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.1987.tb00159.x</a></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gillespie84-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie84_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1984" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Lyall (1984). <i>Aborigines of the Canberra Region</i>. Canberra: Wizard (Lyall Gillespie). pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>25. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9590255-0-7</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sea level data from <i>main article:</i> <a href="Cosquer_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosquer cave">Cosquer cave</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5955043">"Divers find traces of ancient Americans"</a>. <i><a href="NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 9 September 2004.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mirazón Lahr et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7586/full/nature16477.html">"Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya"</a>, <i>Nature</i> 529, 394–398 (21 January 2016), <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16477">10.1038/nature16477</a>.
"Here we report on a case of inter-group violence towards a group of hunter-gatherers from Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana ... Ten of the twelve articulated skeletons found at Nataruk show evidence of having died violently at the edge of a lagoon, into which some of the bodies fell. The remains ... offer a rare glimpse into the life and death of past foraging people, and evidence that warfare was part of the repertoire of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers."
<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/evidence-of-a-prehistoric-massacre-extends-the-history-of-warfare">"Evidence of a prehistoric massacre extends the history of warfare"</a>. University of Cambridge. 20 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite>.
For early depiction of interpersonal violence in rock art see:
<cite id="CITEREFTaçonChippindale1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_Ta%C3%A7on" title="Paul Taçon">Taçon, Paul</a>; <a href="Christopher_Chippindale" title="Christopher Chippindale">Chippindale, Christopher</a> (October 1994). "Australia's Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T.". <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>48. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774300001086">10.1017/S0959774300001086</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162983574">162983574</a>.</cite>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2011" class="citation news cs1">Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262">"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulvaney, D J and White, Peter, 1987, Australians to 1788, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, Sydney</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Presland, <i>Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People</i>, Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9577004-2-3</bdi>. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management, particularly the period from the flooding of Bass Strait and Port Phillip from about 7–10,000 years ago, up to the European colonisation in the nineteenth century.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AusAnthrop-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AusAnthrop_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDousset,_Laurent2005" class="citation web cs1">Dousset, Laurent (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409035643/http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=76">"Daruk"</a>. <i>AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=76">the original</a> on 9 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Aboriginal_people_and_place-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aboriginal_people_and_place_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/">"Aboriginal people and place"</a>. Sydney Barani. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThorley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thorley, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.informit.com.au/fullText;dn=200409749;res=APAFT">"Rock-art and the archaeological record of Indigenous settlement in Central Australia"</a>. <i>Australian Aboriginal Studies</i> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newarchaeology.com/articles/uprevolution.php">The Upper Paleolithic Revolution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113054944/http://www.newarchaeology.com/articles/uprevolution.php">Archived</a> 13 November 2009 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/aagalery.htm">Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614033200/http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/aagalery.htm">Archived</a> 14 June 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research.</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li>
<li><a href="Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li>
<li><a href="Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li>
<li><a href="New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li>
<li><a href="Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li>
<li><a href="Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li>
<li><a href="Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li>
<li><a href="Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li>
<li><a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li>
<li><a href="Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li>
<li><a href="Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing<br>(<a href="Pleistocene_human_diet" title="Pleistocene human diet">Paleolithic diet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li>
<li><a href="Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a>
<ul><li><a href="Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li>
<li><a href="Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li>
<li><a href="Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li>
<li><a href="Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a>
<ul><li><a href="A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li>
<li><a href="Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li>
<li><a href="Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li>
<li><a href="Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li>
<li><a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li>
<li><a href="Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li>
<li><a href="Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a>
<ul><li><a href="Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li>
<li><a href="Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a>
<ul><li><a href="Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li>
<li><a href="Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li>
<li><a href="Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li>
<li><a href="Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li>
<li><a href="Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a>
<ul><li><a href="Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li>
<li><a href="Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li>
<li><a href="Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li>
<li><a href="Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li>
<li><a href="Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li>
<li><a href="Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li>
<li><a href="Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li>
<li><a href="Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li>
<li><a href="Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li>
<li><a href="Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a>
<ul><li><a href="Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a>
<ul><li><a href="Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li>
<li><a href="Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li>
<li><a href="Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li>
<li><a href="Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li>
<li><a href="Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li>
<li><a href="Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a>
<ul><li><a href="Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li>
<li><a href="Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li>
<li><a href="Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li>
<li><a href="Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li>
<li><a href="Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>
<li><a href="Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Grime's_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li>
<li><a href="Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li>
<li><a href="Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li>
<li><a href="Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li>
<li><a href="Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li>
<li><a href="Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li>
<li><a href="Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a>
<ul><li><a href="Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li>
<li><a href="Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li>
<li><a href="Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a>
<ul><li><a href="Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li>
<li><a href="Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li>
<li><a href="Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li>
<li><a href="Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a>
<ul><li><a href="Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li>
<li><a href="Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li>
<li><a href="Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li>
<li><a href="Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li>
<li><a href="Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li>
<li><a href="Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li>
<li><a href="Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li>
<li><a href="Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li>
<li><a href="Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li>
<li><a href="Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a>
<ul><li><a href="Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li>
<li><a href="Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li>
<li><a href="Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a>
<ul><li><a href="Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li>
<li><a href="Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li>
<li><a href="Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li>
<li><a href="Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li>
<li><a href="Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a>
<ul><li><a href="Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li>
<li><a href="Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a>
<ul><li><a href="Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li>
<li><a href="Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li>
<li><a href="Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li>
<li><a href="Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li>
<li><a href="Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a>
<ul><li><a href="Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li>
<li><a href="Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li>
<li><a href="Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li>
<li><a href="Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li>
<li><a href="Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li>
<li><a href="Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li>
<li><a href="Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li>
<li><a href="Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a>
<ul><li><a href="Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a>
<ul><li><a href="Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li>
<li><a href="Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a>
<ul><li><a href="Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li>
<li><a href="Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li>
<li><a href="Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li>
<li><a href="Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li>
<li><a href="Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a>
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a>
<ul><li><a href="Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li>
<li><a href="%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a>
<ul><li><a href="Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li>
<li><a href="Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li>
<li><a href="Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li>
<li><a href="Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li>
<li><a href="J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li>
<li><a href="Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li>
<li><a href="Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li>
<li><a href="Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a>
<ul><li><a href="Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li>
<li><a href="Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li>
<li><a href="Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li>
<li><a href="Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li>
<li><a href="Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li>
<li><a href="Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li>
<li><a href="Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li>
<li><a href="Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li>
<li><a href="Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li>
<li><a href="Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li>
<li><a href="Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li>
<li><a href="Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li>
<li><a href="Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li>
<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li>
<li><a href="Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a>
<ul><li><a href="Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a>
<ul><li><a href="Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li>
<li><a href="Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">Paleolithic flute</a>
<ul><li><a href="Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li>
<li><a href="Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li>
<li><a href="Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li>
<li><a href="Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a>
<ul><li><a href="Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li>
<li><a href="Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li>
<li><a href="Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li>
<li><a href="Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a>
<ul><li><a href="Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li>
<li><a href="Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a>
<ul><li><a href="Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li>
<li><a href="Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li>
<li><a href="Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li>
<li><a href="Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a>
<ul><li><a href="Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li>
<li><a href="Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li>
<li><a href="Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li>
<li><a href="Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li>
<li><a href="Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li>
<li><a href="Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li>
<li><a href="Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li>
<li><a href="Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li>
<li><a href="Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li>
<li><a href="Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>
<li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li>
<li><a href="Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li>
<li><a href="Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a>
<ul><li><a href="Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a>
<ul><li><a href="Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox754" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140116-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mladý paleolit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph914270&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX528215">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Upper_Paleolithic&oldid=1304649636">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body></html>